Word: tribesmen
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DIED. Mustafa Barzani, 75, Kurdish nationalist leader who waged guerrilla war for 40 years in a futile attempt to win a homeland in northeastern Iraq for his people; of a heart attack; in Washington, D.C. Wishing to establish an autonomous Kurdistan for his 12 million Muslim tribesmen scattered throughout Iraq, Iran, Turkey, Syria and the Soviet Union, Barzani led an unsuccessful rebellion against the Iraqi government in the mid-1930s. Fleeing to Moscow, where he spent twelve years in exile, he returned to his native land in 1958 to reorganize his guerrilla army, the Pesh Merga (Forward to Death). After...
...tribal reality of Baluchistan has caused trouble not only for the Pakistani government but also for Iran. The dour, nomadic Baluch tribesmen who make up 60% of the Pakistani province's 2.5 million population have about 1 million kin in eastern Iran and perhaps 300,000 more in Afghanistan. In 1972 Pakistan's Baluch launched a revolt against the regime of former Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, who retaliated harshly over the next four years. At the peak of the fighting, the Shah supplied helicopters and pilots to help 70,000 Pakistani soldiers put down the rebellion...
...potential for civil strife is there. This summer young Khalq Party ideologues were appointed as district officials among fierce Pathan tribesmen in the eastern mountains. They arrived telling the tribesmen that the forests now belonged to the people, the party and the government. The puzzled Pathans, whose income from selling firewood is exceeded only by that from opium smuggling, asked their Muslim mullahs what this was all about. The mullahs declared the government and party to be infidels, and some of the young ideologues were slaughtered. In came planes and armored cars, and the tribesmen fought back. Some crossed...
Southward near Kandahar, young teachers arrived in one district to preach Marxism. Again some were killed, and again the army went in, this time driving villagers into the frigid mountains. Neighboring Baluchi tribesmen, like the Pathans, have fled across the Pakistani border and are allied with separatist movements there. Some Western analysts have suggested that the Soviets may now want to take advantage of these movements to spearhead trouble in Pakistan and also in Iran, where some Baluchis have settled. For the moment, however, the Taraki regime's ineptitude in dealing with the tribesmen seems to have checked...
...Orthodox dissenters called the Old Believers refused to accept liturgical reforms. Over a period of years some 20,000 peasants in protest abandoned their fields and burned themselves. In East Africa before World War I, when Tanganyika was a German colony, witch doctors of the Maji-Maji movement convinced tribesmen that German bullets would turn to water; they launched an uprising, and the credulous were slaughtered...