Word: tsarist
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Dates: during 1940-1949
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Head of a Yeshiva (seminary) in Tsarist Russia, Joseph Schneersohn tried to keep religious Judaism alive under the Bolsheviks, was arrested and sentenced to death in 1927. He was released at the behest of Senator Borah, other potent outsiders. Rabbi Schneersohn moved to Riga, then to Warsaw, where he became Chief Rabbi and founded ten Polish Yeshivoth. He was still in Warsaw when the German bombers came over last autumn. He left the building he had lived in for six weeks just before a direct hit demolished it. The Germans let him leave Poland, but the bombing left the Rabbi...
Lasar Segall paints violence from memory. A Jew, he spent his youth in Tsarist Russia. In 1912 he won minor fame by being the first Cubist to exhibit in Brazil. In 1923 he went there to live. As a Brazilian, brown-haired Lasar Segall has painted jungles, plantations and coffee-handling with a realism that does his naturalization papers credit. Last week, at 49, Artist Segall made his U. S. debut at Manhattan's Neumann-Willard Gallery with a show of oils, water colors and etchings. Critics were impressed...
...elementary and secondary schools (412,000 pupils), 25 theatres, 42 moving picture houses, 37 museums, 107 scientific research institutes, 89 hospitals, 262 dispensaries, 240 nurseries and 21 stadiums including the huge K. I. M. (Communist Youth International) stadium west of Vasilyevski Ostrov (island), Leningrad's Greenwich Village. Tsarist slums have been replaced by modern workers' houses, gutters by sewers, alleys by paved streets. In 1938 Leningrad spent 364,000,000 rubles ($72,800,000) on construction work alone. The city's total budget was 1,140,000,000 rubles...
...Lenin's favorite ideas was that if 130,000 landlords could rule Tsarist Russia, 240,000 determined revolutionists could rule a Soviet Russia. Lenin's efforts before the revolution were to build up a professional revolutionary machine experienced in organizing workers and able to dodge the police. Almost all the big revolutionists of necessity lived abroad; Stalin and Molotov were the only two who were able to brag in later years that they stuck it out for the most part inside. At World War I's start Stalin was in a prison camp just below the Arctic...
...Stalin the "greatest leader of all times and all nations," 117 persons were known to have been put to death. That started the fiercest empire-wide purge of modern times. Thousands were executed with only a ghost of a trial. Secret police reigned as ruthlessly over Russia as in Tsarist times. First it was the Cheka, next the OGPU, later the N.K.V.D.-but essentially they were all the same. Comrade Stalin recognized their function when, one day, he viewed that part of the walls of the Kremlin from which Tsar Ivan IV watched his enemies executed, was reported as saying...