Word: tsarist
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Dates: during 1940-1949
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...Kedleston and British Foreign Secretary of the 1920s, must have shivered in its shroud. Founded in 1757, St. James's is famed for its claret, its caricatures by Sir Joshua Reynolds and the exclusiveness of its membership, mostly confined to diplomats from the topmost social drawer. A Tsarist prince once lost ?10,000 in its card rooms. Last week's tradition-shattering new member was short, thick, athletic Ivan Mikhailovich Maisky, 57, Soviet Ambassador to the Court of St. James's, whose moon face, chuckling dark eyes and ragged imperial whiskers make him look like a small...
...minor civil-service employe, Marshal Shaposhnikov was born in the town of Zlatoust in the Urals, in 1910 was top man at the Moscow Imperial Academy. By 1917 he had become a Tsarist colonel. The next year he joined the Red Army and became a prime strategist of the war on the Whites. He has been an active Commander of the Leningrad, Moscow and Volga military districts, Chief of Staff, head of the Frunze Military Academy (Soviet West Point), and he joined Comrade Stalin at the signing of the Russo-German Pact (see cut). But his reputation has always been...
...northern front the Russians fared better. The attack on Leningrad-which the Germans persisted in calling by the Tsarist name, St. Petersburg-developed as a sneak around two lakes: Ladoga on the Finnish side, Peipus on the Estonian. The Finns, said a German reporter, fought so fanatically that they had to be restrained; but the Russians fought hard too. One German reporter described "bandits" on this front who fought with axes, daggers, broken bottles and adzes...
When the Red Army was originally founded, there were not enough politically reliable officers to go around; Tsarist officers had to be kept in service. To guard against counter-revolutionary movements within the Army, they were rigidly supervised by political officers. Every military order issued by an officer had to be counter-signed by his commissar before it could be carried out. In practice this came to mean constant civilian interference, and endless argument instead of action in crisis...
When the Bolsheviks overthrew the liberal Kerensky Government, Kerensky's foreign minister, learned History Professor Paul Miliukov, told Hoover he had hidden tsarist archives in a barn in Finland. "If you can get them," said Miliukov, "you can have them." "Getting them was no trouble at all," says Hoover. "We were feeding Finland at the time...