Word: tudeh
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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Political demonstrations began in January 1978 and have continued ever since. They were supported by the political left, including the banned Tudeh Communist Party, but led by the Shi'ite Muslims, and the exiled Ayatullah Khomeini became the embodiment of that protest. Nonetheless, as Professor Bill notes, it was "the educated, professional middle class...
...subject of their protest was the policies of Iran's supreme ruler, Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi. Some carried signs demanding his ouster. Others called for a return of long denied civil and political liberties and the enforcement of Islamic laws. A few even demanded the legalization of the Tudeh, Iran's outlawed Communist party. The crowd, at times numbering more than 100,000, was a colorful, sometimes incongruous cross section of Iranian society: dissident students in jeans; women shrouded in the black chador, the traditional head-to-foot veil; peasants and merchants; and most important the bearded, black-robed Muslim...
...feels he cannot permit the legalization of the Tudeh, or Communist, Party. This question should be related to our geographic position. We have to ask ourselves whether our geographic position will permit this or that [party or political organization. While the Shah is reluctant to spell out what he means on the record, interviews in Tehran make clear that he is concerned that an aboveground Tudeh would serve as a Trojan horse for the Soviet Union, and the Shah is reliably reported to have worried privately that in some future political crisis, legalized Iranian Communists might seek...
...recruitment tactic, with sex and drugs the standard come-ons, but sometimes other pressure is applied as well. Last month Iranian Major General Ahmed Mogharebi confessed that he had spied for the KGB after Soviet agents threatened to reveal his past membership in Iran's outlawed Communist Party, Tudeh. The leader of the Iranian spy ring, a government official named Ali-Naghi Rabbani, had sophisticated radio equipment for receiving Soviet satellite transmissions in his home. Rabbani's clandestine contact was the Soviet consul in Tehran, Boris Kabanov, who was expelled from the country. Both Mogharebi and Rabbani were...