Word: tumor
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Dates: during 1990-1999
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Rosenberg's strategy, devised with the help of Anderson, is to extract immune cells called tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) from the tumors of melanoma patients. Rosenberg bathes the TILs in a solution of interleukin-2, a natural substance that invigorates them, and then exposes the TILs to re- engineered mouse leukemia retroviruses...
Like the retrovirus used by Anderson, Rosenberg's delivery system has been made harmless and endowed by recombinant DNA techniques with a human gene. But this gene codes for tumor necrosis factor, a naturally occurring compound that attacks cancer cells. The altered viruses insert themselves and their piggyback gene into the genetic material of the TILs, which are then injected back into the bloodstream of the melanoma patients. If everything goes as planned, the activated TILs will home in on the tumors like guided missiles, attacking the cancerous cells and at the same time releasing the antitumor factor to help...
...family" characteristics. For example, brain cells that turn cancerous might share qualities with other brain cancers but differ dramatically from colon cancers or leukemias. To look for common weaknesses among different types of cancer, the automation process tests chemical compounds directly against a range of 60 lines of living tumor cells grown in Petri dishes and representing seven leading cancer killers: colon, lung, melanoma, kidney, ovarian, brain and blood...
...taxi to transport a desired gene into the nucleus of human blood cells. In one experiment, a team led by Dr. Steven Rosenberg proposes to treat malignant melanoma, a form of skin cancer, with blood cells that have been genetically altered to transform them into tiny factories for a tumor-killing protein...
...more advanced technique proposed by Rosenberg involves a human gene that orders production of a tumor-killing chemical. This gene would be inserted into an extracted immune cell called a tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte. Injected back into the body, the engineered TIL cells would specifically seek out and destroy melanoma cells...