Word: tumors
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...seems to remedy the defective functioning of monocytes and macrophages in a wide variety of diseases. Alpha interferon has been particularly effective against two types of leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, a cancer of the lymph system. Says Dr. Jordan Gutterman, of Houston's M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute: "There are ten different tumors in which potentially important anti-tumor activity by interferon has been demonstrated...
Whatever their age, women with small tumors that have not invaded the lymph nodes have a 90% chance of surviving at least five years. As the disease spreads, however, the odds of survival drop sharply. Thus cancer experts agree that a woman's best hope for a cure, whatever her age, lies in finding tumors early. Mammography can detect tumors as small as an eighth of an inch in diameter. By contrast, most cancers detected by patients themselves are at least half an inch in diameter, and have been growing for eight to ten years, says Dr. Ferris Hall...
...mammography is not infallible. There is a 1% chance of a false-positive result -- a mistaken diagnosis of a tumor -- and the anxiety, expense and pain associated with a biopsy. A graver problem is the risk of a false negative: about 20% of the time the X rays fail to detect cancers, which may be picked up by physical exam. "Is mammography worth it?" asks Eddy. Some women, he notes, upon hearing that ten years of screening will save 22 lives "will say, '22 out of 10,000, well, that'll be me.' Others will say, 'Take half...
Ordinarily, this gene--and other tumor suppressing genes like it--"act as guardian genes," preventing tumor growth, Seizinger said. When something happens to disturb the function of these genes--such as a mutation--they produces defective proteins and tumors may result...
Seizinger said he hopes in the future to isolate the protein product of the VHL gene and understand exactly how the gene and its products suppress tumor growth. Then "you might be able to design drugs that interfere with the defective molecules," and stop the growth of tumors...