Word: tunnelled
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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...Esaki, then a young researcher with the Sony Corp. in Tokyo, was working on semiconductors-crystalline substances that ordinarily are poor conductors of electricity unless impurities are added to them. After experimenting with various chemicals, Esaki was able to produce a sample with which he demonstrated that tunneling can occur in semiconductors-something that had been suspected but never proved. Esaki's tiny gadget, called a tunnel diode, quickly found use as a switching device in electronic applications, performing much faster than a vacuum tube or even a transistor...
...Elements. The next step was taken by Giaever in 1960. A former mechanical engineer who was working on a doctorate in physics, he showed that tunneling can also take place in superconductors, materials that lose all resistance to electrical currents when chilled close to absolute zero. In 1962 Josephson, then a 22-year-old graduate student at Cambridge, applied the mathematics of modern quantum physics to predict two significant effects that now bear his name: 1) that electrons can tunnel back and forth through an insulator separating adjacent superconductors even when there is no voltage present-an idea totally...
Leverett got into the act in March when Master Leigh Hoadley and the Leverett House Civic Improvement Society proposed a connection between Gore and McKinlock Halls. The new wing over Plympton St. would support a bell tower and include a tunnel for pedestrians, automobiles and a trolley. "If people are going to resist, we shall arm and march tomorrow," Arthur N. Schwarz '56, president of the Civic Society, said...
Throughout, the French have shown more enthusiasm for the tunnel idea than the British, who have tended to agree with Sir Garnet Wolseley's 1882 protest that this link between England and the Continent would provide "a constant inducement to the unscrupulous foreigner to make war upon us." Although the security argument has faded into the background, skepticism among the British remains strong today. Detractors of the tunnel complain that the government has rushed ahead so quickly with the project that it has not given due consideration to alternatives, as, for example, bigger and better Hovercraft. Its proponents reply...
While the tunnel may well be the best possible way to maintain Britain's thrust into Europe, it will have its victims. Impassioned objections have come from the Kentish villages that will be most affected. Residents are justifiably worried that their green and pleasant countryside will turn into a nightmarish octopus of access roads and tracks leading to and from the tunnel terminus. Complained William Hunt, 46, of Newington: "We don't count. We're like a pea on top of a mountain. If they don't want us, they just flick us away...