Word: turn
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Dates: during 1990-1999
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...this is science fiction. Let's turn the page now and get back to real science...
...chromosomes--the long, twisted strands of DNA cradled in protein at the heart of every human cell. But they had deciphered, or sequenced, only a handful of the many-hundred-word "sentences" that each gene represents--sentences made up of three-letter "words" built in turn from four available molecular "letters," represented...
...Therapy at the University of Pennsylvania. One problem was that the body's immune system regarded the viral carriers as foreign invaders, and its response caused inflammation and swelling at the injection site. The antibodies that developed in response to the virus caused further difficulties. "In a very unfortunate turn of events," Wilson explains, "the patients would become immune against the therapy...
...cystic fibrosis, inflammation caused by the viral carrier, an altered adenovirus, was so severe that the FDA ordered a halt to the effort, casting a pall over all the other trials--and the field in general. More problems plagued the researchers. In many cases the implanted genes failed to "turn on," or express themselves, and were unable to command the cells to produce the protein they were supposed to provide. Some operated for a while and then inexplicably shut down...
...fact that the VEG-F gene seems to turn off after three or four weeks makes little difference in this trial because the new blood vessels have already sprouted and remain in place. Still, for this and other reasons, the naked-DNA approach is applicable to only a handful of disorders...