Word: ulema
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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...august council of ulema (professors) of Cairo's Al-Azhar, the oldest existing Moslem university, issued a solemn declaration against coeds. Coeducation, said the council, is nothing short of promiscuity, "unsuitable to the Islamic way of life." Furthermore, added the scholars, "this situation has turned certain male students from true scientific activity...
...stop to convert or even to govern the people they conquered. They applied the Aylah treatment: tribute and religious freedom. In some periods, the tribute from unbelievers poured in so fast that the Caliphs were not interested a conversion. The religious leaders of Islam formed a body called the Ulema, learned in the Koran and the Sharia [law]. They tended to be manuscript-eaters, verbal hair-splitters, not a type useful in missionary work. So far as the official religious leadership was concerned, the victories of Islam might have added up to no more than an ephemeral Arab conquest...
...Africa were thoroughly Hellenized. At first, Islam allowed the Hellenists to apply reason to problems of law and ethics. Islam, - indeed, especially renewed with Aristotle - Christendom's and out contact of with this Greek renewal philosophy flowed Aquinas' philosophy and, later, the Renaissance. From the first the Ulema had been suspicious of all legal and ethical judgments based upon reason. The learned doctors held that the Koran and the sayings of the Prophet were the only sources of truth...