Word: underground
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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Apart from this relatively minor ambiguity, the treaty is direct enough. Underground testing is specifically excluded because of Russian insistence that adequate on-site inspection would be a guise for espionage. A clause obviously aimed at France and Red China pledges the parties to "refrain from causing, encouraging or in any way participating in the carrying out of any nuclear weapons test whatever." An escape clause permits the signers to renounce the agreement unilaterally upon three months' advance notice any time "extraordinary events . . . have jeopardized the supreme interests of its country." The treaty invites any and all nations...
...Look at the Books. On these assumptions, where does the West move next? Immediately on the agenda are a score of items that Khrushchev wants to negotiate about. They include a ban on underground testing, though both sides still disagree on the number of international monitors and the freedom they would require to make inspections of suspicious blasts, and Khrushchev's nonaggression formula between NATO and the Warsaw Pact. Beyond these issues, there are a batch of other Soviet proposals...
...Underground Testing. A Soviet crash program to build and equip underground test facilities could enable them to develop U.S.-style smaller, high-yield nuclear weapons. Because they have more to learn from below-ground testing than the U.S., the Russians have more to gain by an intensive underground testing program...
...gripping and sometimes extremely moving film. The most powerful scene was filmed on an island near Bikini, showing how animals and birds have been violently affected by the radiation from H-bomb tests. Fish have come out of the water to live in trees, and birds have tunneled underground, never to fly again. Other birds have been trying for years to hatch eggs killed by the bomb, and sea turtles whose sense of direction has been destroyed by radiation crawl inland and die after laying their eggs. After a panorama shot of the birds and a turtle, people...
...President Kennedy so clearly said last Friday in his excellent television address, the nuclear test ban treaty just negotiated with the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom is not the beginning of the millenium. Rather, it is an extremely limited document, providing only for an end to non-underground tests. These explosions, which are relatively easy to detect, poison the atmosphere without necessarily improving the military position of the country making them. The cessation of these explosions, while possibly reducing international antagonism, does not mean the end of rivalry between the great powers, and it does not make future nuclear...