Word: underground
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Dates: during 2000-2009
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...Durban. Zuma was working full-time doing odd jobs by 15. His elder brother was an ANC member, and at 17 Zuma joined too. In 1963 he was arrested, convicted of trying to overthrow the apartheid government and sentenced to 10 years. After his release, Zuma helped organize underground resistance to apartheid, eventually becoming the ANC's intelligence chief...
...This was not a torture scene out of some fictional story, but rather a real moment in the saga of underground pledging to become a member of a Black Greek Letter organization. For far too long, men and women across the country, and yes, even at Harvard, have been participants in illegal or “underground” pledging activities that have subjected them to physical, emotional, and mental abuse, all in the name of black solidarity. The silence of these victims is simultaneously coerced and demanded by current and former allegiances, fear of punishment, embarrassment, and even self...
...this limited perception which helps build the mystique around these organizations and the very pledging practices they officially denounce. The significant peer consensus that people who are “paper” (meaning they do not participate in the underground process) are lacking, and that “real” Greeks pledge, make becoming a Greek in minority communities a do or die situation for those who want it badly enough. But very few are informed about how dangerous and damaging the process can be—the fact that every pledging experience doesn?...
...difficult as the revelation is to face, underground pledging almost cost me my life, and the lives of others involved—literally and figuratively. It induced academic failure, social isolation from my friends and my community, emotional scarring, and ultimately a chronic illness, which went undiagnosed until its discovery and potential fatality forced the process all to end—for me at least. It was ultimately the same “be strong” philosophy that pledging is meant to embody that allowed visible signs of my physical deterioration to go unnoticed by the very people...
...fans of underground art and more than a few mainstream collectors, snapping Banksy would be like bagging the Loch Ness monster - and there are similar questions as to whether the photo is real. A spokesman for the artist confirmed that the Bethnal Green mural is Banksy's handiwork, but declined to say whether he is the man in the photograph. (See pictures of Banksy's secret art show...