Word: unionizing
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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After a week at Leningrad the professors visited Moscow, where they were greeted by Topchiev, associate director of the Academy of Sciences, the highest academic institution in the Soviet Union...
...York City's big (30,000 members ) Local 802 of the American Federation of Musicians. Calling itself "the first victim of automation,'' the federation (total membership: 260,000) says that only 75,000 members now make a living from music (average: $3,500 yearly). The union also reports a serious shortage of young string players, is handing out a minimum of 50 scholarships a year for instrumental students. Local 802 is particularly concerned with New York City's still relatively lusty night life, is spending $75,000 to kindle dancing feet and wind up aging swizzle...
Repeatedly Bell was called out of retreat to testify in more than 600 patent lawsuits before his patents expired in 1893-94. Western Union, which had a monopoly on telegraphic communications, at first turned down an offer to buy Bell's patents. When Bell's invention began to hurt its business, it came out with a better transmitter developed by Thomas Edison, went into competition with Bell. Dozens of independent telephone companies sprang up, creating what one observer called "a state of enthusiastic uncertainty...
Bell's Napoleon. The man who put the stripling Bell system out ahead-and assured it of staying there-was Theodore N. Vail, a onetime Western Union telegrapher and Government mail superintendent who became general manager of the new Bell Telephone Co. when it was founded in 1878, later became president of A. T. & T. Vail won the biggest battle in the patent wars by proving that his old employer, Western Union, was infringing on Bell's invention, and forcing Western Union out of the telephone business. As the Bell interests developed through several companies, they bought Western...
...bettered the New York Times's description of James Fisk Jr.: "First in war, first in peace and first in the pockets of his countrymen." Financier Fisk sacrificed the flower of his youth to selling mildewed blankets to the Union Army and smuggling Confederate cotton into the mills of his native Vermont. When peace came, he was rich enough to buy a directorship in the Erie Railroad-and so accelerated the decay of that calamitous line that Erie passengers felt safer "going over Niagara in a barrel." Fisk was a mere 36 when he died; yet, as a swindler...