Word: unrestful
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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Every time a paroxysm of black unrest grips South Africa, followed by a crackdown by the white government of State President P.W. Botha, statesmen and politicians in Western capitals begin asking, Is there a way, any way short of military action for the world to force Pretoria to change its racial policies? Last week, as South Africa's current state of emergency entered its third week, the debate flared once more. Its focus: whether recent events require a major step-up in economic sanctions against South Africa, and whether such pressure would really contribute to banishing apartheid...
Founded in 1912 by a group of middle-class Africans lobbying nonviolently for civil rights in British-ruled South Africa, the A.N.C. abandoned pacifism during the unrest that followed the 1960 killing of 69 blacks at Sharpeville. In 1964 Nelson Mandela, the leader of its militant wing, was found guilty of sabotage and sentenced to life imprisonment, and, a little later, the banned A.N.C. set up a government-in-waiting in newly independent Zambia. Today a few hundred A.N.C. employees coordinate cultural projects, run a radio station and even manage a high-tech 10,000-acre farm on which they...
...attacks, which improbably involved rental cars as well as helicopters and jet fighters, came at a time of sputtering unrest throughout South Africa. Early in the week the Pretoria government announced that it had found a large cache of mines, bombs, rockets, grenades and automatic rifles, supposedly belonging to the A.N.C., somewhere near Johannesburg. Rioting continued throughout the week in the squatter camp of Crossroads, near Cape Town, where gangs of conservative black vigilantes were pitted against hundreds of young antiapartheid activists. At least 32 people were killed, and tens of thousands of shacks were burned, reputedly by the vigilantes...
Despite the widespread unrest, the Botha government's motive in staging last week's attacks was unclear. Even as the raiding parties were carrying out their missions, a Commonwealth negotiating team arrived in Cape Town following talks with A.N.C. leaders in Lusaka. They were trying to set up a negotiating link between Pretoria and the A.N.C. Though the Commonwealth team's leaders, onetime Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser and former Nigerian Head of State Olusegun Obasanjo, were reluctant to admit it, their mission had been all but destroyed by the cross-border raids. Criticism was worldwide. The Reagan Administration expressed...
...unrest flared two weeks ago, as students at Yarmouk University, 42 miles north of Amman, staged strikes and sit-ins demanding lower fees and student rights. When Communists and Brotherhood activists joined the demonstrations, baton-wielding riot police moved in. At least three students were killed and hundreds wounded...