Word: upheld
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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Unseen Son. It was just such a swearing contest that created Escobedo v. Illinois, but in that case the nation's highest tribunal upheld the defendant -something that still awes Danny Escobedo, now 28 and long familiar with police stations. At his height, Danny hardly seems a threat to any healthy policewoman; yet he has managed to get himself picked up twice for "investigation" and arrested five times on charges ranging from assault to murder, including two arrests since his release for packing a pistol and selling barbiturates. So far, he has beaten every...
...were confusing. To weigh "totality," the court developed no fewer than 38 criteria, such as whether police conduct "shocked the conscience." In two cases similar to Escobedo, police barred the suspects' lawyers; one confession came after seven hours, the other after twelve. While voiding the first, the court upheld the second. All this left lower courts to decide voluntariness almost as they pleased...
...robbing a woman and kidnaping and raping an 18-year-old girl. Miranda was picked up on suspicion: both victims identified him in a lineup. He talked freely, was neither told nor knew of his right to counsel. The Arizona Supreme Court took the "hard" Escobedo line, upheld his conviction. ¶Roy A. Stewart, 28, a sixth-grade dropout, was suspected in 1963 of mugging a number of Los Angeles women, one of whom died. Arrested with his common-law wife, Stewart was grilled 4½ days before admitting that he robbed but did not kill the woman...
Still, Ponder kept bucking the system. In the semester finals he flunked six students including Minter. History Professor Robert Seager, the chairman of Annapolis' newly created chapter of the American Association of University Professors, upheld Ponder's position, insisting that grading is "an academic function and must be the prerogative of the individual teacher...
Venusian Distance. Harvard physicists, for example, have measured the minute frequency change that takes place in gamma rays projected vertically for as little as 70 ft. in the earth's gravitational field. Their results upheld the gravity-caused shifts in frequency predicted by Einstein. An M.I.T. scientist plans to bounce high-frequency radar pulses off Venus as it begins to swing behind the sun. If Einstein's theory holds, the radar waves will be slowed down slightly as they pass through the strongest part of the solar gravitational field-enough to cause a 40-mile error in radar...