Word: upheld
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...Belts v. Brady (1942) said that "shocking" circumstances would require court-appointed lawyers for indigents in noncapital cases. But the court ruled that Smith Betts, a jobless Maryland farm hand, did not meet the test and upheld his eight-year rap for robbery...
...Pointer v. Texas (1965) upheld the right of defendants to have lawyers present in order to cross-examine prosecution witnesses, but Appellant Bob Pointer, a hardened criminal, gained little himself from the reversal of his life sentence for robbery by assault. Texas will now prosecute him for five similar robberies, making him eligible for five more life sentences...
...courts to exclude evidence seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment. With no warrant, Cleveland police, hunting policy slips and a bombing suspect, had invaded the home of a woman named Dollree Mapp. The most the cops could uncover was "obscene materials," for possession of which Dollree was convicted. Upheld by the Supreme Court, she escaped further prosecution...
...with the famed ruling by the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in New York, which held that James Joyce's Ulysses was not obscene -despite its impudent pudendicity and ovablastic genitories -since the "proper test" is a book's "dominant effect." In 1957, in decisions that upheld the conviction of two mail-order pornography dealers, the U.S. Supreme Court finally defined its own views on the matter. First, it flatly denied the smut peddlers' contention that the 1st and 14th Amendments guaranteeing freedom of speech and press gave them a right to sell obscene material. Second...
...then moved to California and did not appear at Pointer's trial. Vainly invoking the confrontation clause, Pointer was convicted on the transcript of the absent victim's untested testimony. Because he could have cross-examined at the preliminary hearing, the state's highest court upheld his conviction...