Word: urethra
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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Urethritis is an inflammation of the urethra, the channel carrying urine from the bladder. In gonorrhea victims, it is caused by the gonococcus bacterium. But in a majority of cases of NGU, no gonococcus can be found-hence the name nongonococcal urethritis. Though the cause of NGU cannot always be determined, researchers have in recent years identified a culprit in about half the cases: a tiny bacterium called Chlamydia trachomatis, the same microbe that causes trachoma, an eye disease...
...bladder (the body's reservoir for urine) but of other parts associated with the urinary tract as well: the prostate gland, the lymph nodes-which are being further examined to see if the cancer has spread to them-and fatty tissue around the bladder, and part of the urethra (the tube leading from the bladder through the penis). Such extensive surgery, Whitmore later explained, is routine in radical cystectomies (which his team performs at a rate of 80 to 100 a year), and does not mean that there is any malignancy beyond the bladder...
...before the tumors spread so that effective treatment is difficult. Dr. Richard Sternheimer, 74, a pathologist at Chicago's Michael Reese Medical Center, has now developed a staining technique that screens cells in the urine. Because urine is formed by the kidneys and passes through the ureters, bladder, urethra and, in males, the prostate gland before it is excreted, it contains cells sloughed off from all of these organs. To determine if any of those cells are cancerous, Sternheimer stains them with two dyes: a blue coloring that attaches itself to the nucleus of diseased cells...
...bladder. On the contrary, says Lapides, it causes the bladder to become distended, with its walls taut and blood circulation diminished. This in turn reduces the resistance to infection. Urinary-tract infections may manifest themselves by a burning pain during urination. Eventually, they can involve not only the urethra and bladder, but extend up to the kidneys. They are among the most stubborn and hard to treat of common infections. Penicillin is usually ineffective, and urologists have to rely on other antibiotics or other drugs such as the sulfas...
...recent technical advances they were relatively difficult for the surgeon to reach. In the man, a tube called the vas deferens (literally, the "carrying-away vessel") arises from each testicle to carry the spermatozoa to the prostate gland where the seminal fluid is finally compounded for ejaculation through the urethra. Near its origin in the scrotum, the vas deferens is readily accessible to the surgeon's scalpel...