Word: vaccinees
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Some computer users are not waiting for legal protection. Don Brown, a Macintosh enthusiast from Des Moines, responded to the Peace virus outbreak by writing an antiviral program and giving it away. Brown's Vaccine 1.0 is available free on most national computer networks, including CompuServe, the Source and GEnie...
In 1880 Louis Pasteur, a French microbiologist, concocted a vaccine against chicken cholera after discovering that weakened cholera organisms, while incapable of making chickens sick, would immunize them against the malady. Pasteur, who is credited with founding the science of immunology, went on to create a human rabies vaccine from...
Building on Pasteur's work, 20th century scientists have learned to mass- produce bacteria and viruses, then weaken or kill them and use them as the major ingredient in vaccines for such varied diseases as typhus, yellow fever, influenza, polio, measles and rubella. Unfortunately, the vaccines occasionally cause the disease...
These days the explosive growth of both molecular biology and immunology has enabled vaccine makers to take a safer and more effective approach to their work. Instead of using dead or attenuated bacteria or viruses, they remove from the bug's surface the marker protein, or antigen, that provokes the...
Researchers are also creating vaccines that consist largely of antigens synthesized from chemicals on the laboratory shelf. When these vaccines prove ineffective, scientists can now usually determine why. Says M.I.T. Molecular Biologist Malcolm Gefter: "Today, when a vaccine doesn't elicit a protective response, it is possible to detect what...