Word: vaccinees
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For 40 years, the one clear mark of the virus was this ability to slip invisibly through porcelain filters. In those four decades, without waiting to see what a virus looked like, brilliant men did brilliant things about viruses and viral diseases. At Manhattan's Rockefeller Institute, Dr. Peyton...
Vaccination imitates the natural process for creating antibodies, using similar but less harmful viruses (cowpox instead of smallpox, for example) or weakened viruses, or even killed viruses. But in some individuals, and against some viruses more than others, the antibody memory is short -hence revaccination. If a virus mutates, as...
When John Enders got interested in measles in the 1930s, it was not clear even to him that he was sliding over from bacteriology to virology. "There was still conjecture as to whether measles was caused by a virus.'' he recalls. "Measles intrigued me as a problem that...
A World War II project diverted Dr. Enders to mumps, which was feared as a menace to troops. He produced a moderately satisfactory killed-virus vaccine that helped him form his now firm opinion that a vaccine made from a live but attenuated virus is better than any made with...
Culture in Human Embryo. Then came a lucky break. The lab happened to have some poliovirus tucked away. This had hitherto refused to grow except in brain cells, which are unsafe as a culture for a human vaccine because nerve-cell proteins can kill the vaccinated person. Enders suggested growing...