Word: validators
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...clause setting minimum sentences for certain crimes - rather than leaving sentences to the discretion of the court. The second is a provision that allows police to question a suspect for up to three hours before bringing him before a magistrate. Any confessions obtained in this period would be valid...
...seem," wrote Justice Robert C. Underwood for the court, "that the reasons which caused the Supreme Court to import the constitutional requirements of an adversary criminal trial into delinquency hearings logically require that a finding of delinquency for misconduct, which would be criminal if charged against an adult, is valid only when the acts of delinquency are proved beyond a reasonable doubt." With that, the court ordered a new trial for Robert Urbasek, 13, who had been accused of stabbing to death an eleven-year-old girl two years ago. And this time, he must be proved guilty beyond reasonable...
...same time, the E.T.S. examiners insist that their tests do serve a valid academic function. Since grading standards vary enormously among the nation's 24,000 secondary schools, the S.A.T.s at the very least provide admissions officers with a national common denominator in helping judge the thousands of applications they get every year. A high scorer from a small, little-known school is thus given greater consideration than he might have received from his class record alone. By the same token, the underachiever -the bright youth with poor high school grades-is often spotlighted by the tests, given...
Sparrow does not believe so, but to his mind, the errors in the critics' reasoning are obvious. He observed that "they put forward good points and bad alike, mingle discredited assertions with valid evidence, and make up for weak links in their hypotheses by asseveration and abuse of the Dallas police, the FBI and the commission...
Protests at the University of Paris have been sparked mainly by valid complaints that the university is not equipped to handle its 150,000 students, and that the government is doing little to provide additional space for qualified entrants. Last week's class boycott, which students from other French universities joined in sympathy, was designed to press demands for "a complete reform of the university, its structures, methods and pedagogy...