Word: vanguarde
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...concentrating on closing the gap in military-missile technology, the Eisenhower Administration neglected the challenge of space. When the U.S. undertook its first serious space project in mid-1955, as part of the International Geophysical year effort, the Administration settled for a minimal, low-priority program, misnamed Project Vanguard. In retrospect, it was no wonder that the U.S.S.R. got into space first...
With this consciously created New Class the Russians are eager to identify, and there are pretentious possibilities in their hope for the fast-stepping of the youth vanguard ("At the Revolution, I will be there"). It is difficult to think of a western parallel for this collective identification, unless it would be the unplanned social cast of the "teenager", given group status by popular song, and whose wayward extremes think they are fulfilling a public image "Get your knife, Freddy...
...developed the WAC Corporal and its successor, the Corporal E. Long before the Russians fired their Sputnik, J.P.L. had designed and had ready the spinning, clustered upper stages for an Army Redstone that the J.P.L. men insisted would put up a satellite. But not until the Navy's Vanguard fizzled on the sands of Cape Canaveral were they allowed to show what they could do-and redeemed U.S. prestige by flinging Explorer I into orbit. Since then, J.P.L.'s spinning clusters have launched three successful satellites, including the U.S. moon probe (Pioneer IV, which is now orbiting...
This made nine satellites circling the earth. Eight of them are American: three Vanguards, three Explorers, and two Discoverers. They range in weight from a 3.25-lb. instrumented Vanguard to an empty 1,700-lb. second stage of a Discoverer. The other is Russia's massive space body. Sputnik III (2,134 Ibs.); the other two Sputniks have fallen back into the atmosphere and burned up. Of the U.S. satellites, the grapefruit-sized Vanguard I is expected to keep circling for 2,000 years, the basketball-sized Vanguard II for 200 years. Both Vanguard I and Explorer VI have...
...Vanguard was a typical product of U.S. space technology: a small, sophisticated bird strained to the utmost to achieve its purpose. The thrust of its first-stage rocket was only 27,000 Ibs. (v. Lunik's estimated 800,000 Ibs.), and everything in the upper stages had to be meticulously miniaturized to save tiny bits of weight. Its intricately instrumented satellite will send down valuable data from space, perhaps more than the Russians get with their comparative giants, but the U.S. will not match the Russian achievements in bulk or accuracy until a new generation of bigger rockets reaches...