Word: vatican
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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...barred the Catholic laity from voting for Parliament or holding offices of public trust. Only in the early 19th century did the laity, against the wishes of the Catholic hierarchy, work out a formula that combined political loyalty to the Crown with spiritual loyalty to the Pope. Though the Vatican never withdrew its anathema against the Crown, this year's diplomatic recognition relegates it to history's dustbin. Catholics regained full citizenship rights in 1829, the English hierarchy was re-established in 1850, and devout Catholics were allowed to graduate from Oxford and Cambridge by 1871. In this...
...20th century, British Catholic pressure on the Vatican helped persuade the papacy at one point to outlaw even contacts with non-Catholics as undermining the concept of the One True Church. But in 1958 Angelo Giuseppe Cardinal Roncalli, the Patriarch of Venice, was elected Pope John XXIII after the death of the doctrinally stern Pius XII, and a new mood about Christian unity took hold. Two years later, John established the Vatican Secretariat for Promoting Christian Unity to further ecumenism among all Christian groups. And the Second Vatican Council, called into session by Pope John XXIII in 1962, began...
...Vatican II extended partial recognition to non-Catholic churches, called for discussions on reunion, and eliminated the idea that Catholic belief should ideally be mandated, or at least protected, by the power of the state. It was especially this removal of church political claims that made feasible John Paul II's visit to Buckingham Palace...
...While Rome still requires celibacy in the West, its Eastern rites retain their tradition of married priests. It has partially restored the practice that the laity may receive wine as well as bread during Communion, a point of sharp conflict in the 16th century. Other concessions flowed out of Vatican II, but a host of differences remains-including highly emotional issues, such as mixed marriages, divorce discipline, birth control, the rights of the laity and the official acceptance of abortion by some Anglicans and Lutherans. A grand four-sided reunion is likely to be frustrated by three overarching disputes...
Communion. To the casual eye, the four groups of Christians seem to hold roughly the same beliefs about the Eucharist. But the divisive, central question concerns belief in the "real presence" of Christ's body and blood in the Communion elements. In their talks with Vatican delegates, the Lutherans have affirmed the actual "presence of Christ's body and blood in, with and under bread and wine." The Anglican-Catholic unity commission jointly professes belief in Christ's "true presence, effectually signified by the bread and wine, which, in this mystery, become his body and blood...