Word: verbale
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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...what should be done to construct an intelligent approach to world affairs, the words "dynamic" and "creative" are used with much frequency. Such words tend to be bandied about with too much ease today, so much so that they have lost almost all meaning. But Bowles is not proposing verbal solutions built on cliches. He is not playing the Madison Avenue word game, but engaging in an old American activity of saying what you mean...
...prestige of the erudite scholar and his note-taking pedagogy. This academic ideal pictures a band of scholars in the libraries, doing research, composing reports on this research in the form of lectures, and mimeographing lists of books which relate to their investigation. On the receiving end of this verbal transaction should be an intellectual student, attentively copying the scholar's words into his notebook, and diligently tracing the outlines of his reading into a well-foonoted typescript or bluebook...
...student is "taught" in the sense that his responses to certain problems and situations are guided and formed by the machines. The actual machines are simple. They consist of a small control box, something like the transformer of a toy electric railroad, with buttons that advance, hold or return verbal information. This information, called the program, is printed on disks, tapes or cards. One frame, or question-answer unit, appears to the student at a time...
...appears along with a definition and an example. When he copies it correctly, the second frame appears. Now he has to be selective in his copying; He must see the common root of "fact" in "manufacture" and "factory." This helps him to acquire what Professor Skinner calls an "atomic verbal operant." In the third frame another root must be perceived. In four and five the student must put down letters without assistance. In frame six the student fills in the whole word to make the sentence which he knows from the first example...
...director, Helmut Kautner, can speak through the visual medium many times more subtly than through the verbal. He records scenes that express the whole depth of the film in a few seconds. And old woman offers the boots of her dead grandson to Helga, thinking she has deserted the Germans of her own will, and Kautner elicits a dramatic poignancy that is almost unbearable. In just the last few frames of one sequence a kitten appears to follow Helga out of the room, and by his cinematic control the director turns the kitten into a pure manifesation of the faltering...