Word: vii
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...Pope paid homage to both John and Paul in choosing his name, but he also made it clear that he would be neither John XXIV nor Paul VII. Said Baltimore's liberal Lawrence Cardinal Shehan: "Perhaps we can take it as a sign of his independence." "The name is of great importance," said José Miguez Bonino, a Protestant liberation theologian in Argentina and an honorary president of the World Council of Churches. "It shows that the new Pontiff is ready to continue with the program of reforms launched by the Vatican Council...
...different, broader meaning was given to affirmative action by the historic 1964 Civil Rights Act, the first significant federal effort to outlaw employment discrimination in private industry. Title VI of this law barred discrimination in federally funded universities and other programs, and Title VII barred it in jobs. Using what courts have called color-blind language, the act made it unlawful for any employer "to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual or otherwise to discriminate ... because of such individual's race, color, religion, sex, or national origin...
...Senate sponsors of the Civil Rights Act insisted that it provided only for equal opportunity, not racial preference or balance. Said the late Senator Hubert Humphrey: "Title VII does not require an employer to achieve any sort of racial balance in his work force by giving preferential treatment to any individual or group." Added Senator Harrison A. Williams Jr.: "An employer with only white employees could continue to have only the best-qualified persons even if they were all white...
When violations of Title VII occur, federal courts are authorized to "order such affirmative action as may be appropriate," including reinstatement of employees, and back pay. In general, the doctrine has been that judicially imposed affirmative-action remedies-including racial hiring quotas-are appropriate only when employers have been found guilty of discrimination...
...Philadelphia construction trades. In 1969 the U.S. Labor Department established the "Philadelphia Plan," which provided for goals and timetables in minority recruitment in the Philadelphia building trades. The Contractors Association of Eastern Pennsylvania sued, charging that the plan was an unconstitutional quota system and that it violated the Title VII ban on discriminatory hiring. Not so, ruled the Third Circuit Court of Appeals in 1971, upholding the President's power to attack discrimination through use of preferential remedies. "Clearly the Philadelphia Plan is color-conscious," wrote Judge John Gibbons, but to strike the scheme down under Title VII...