Word: virus
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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Akira Tsugita and Dr. Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat. both of the University of California at Berkeley, tell this week how they pinned a specific chemical change in a virus to a change in the code...
...Three doses of Salk vaccine are only 80% to 90% effective in conferring immunity, said two U.S. Public Health Service experts. Advocates of live-virus vaccines maintain that their preparations, taken in one or three doses, confer immunity in 90% or more of the vaccinated, as measured by laboratory tests of blood antibodies against polio viruses. But do the oral vaccines really give such a high proportional protection against paralysis? And are they safe? On these questions the scientists divided down the middle...
...unvaccinated. This was exasperating to both the University of Cincinnati's Dr. Albert B. Sabin and Lederle Laboratories' Dr. Herald R. Cox, developers of two of three U.S. live vaccines. It is an impossible requirement, snapped Dr. Sabin, because by its very nature the oral, weakened virus is designed to multiply in the human digestive tract. It is bound to spread to unvaccinated contacts (especially close kin) of vaccinated subjects, and make some of them immune. So if the vaccine is effective, it will destroy the basis for such a comparison by protecting some of the unvaccinated...
...score of foreign countries to show that their vaccines are safe and sure.* But each insisted that his own was better than either of its two rivals. (Dr. Sabin has attacked the third vaccine, developed by the Wistar Institute's Dr. Hilary Koprowski, charging that it contains viruses that cause disease in monkeys and might be dangerous for man.) Dr. Sabin gives his vaccine in three separate doses a month apart-one for each main type of polio virus. Dr. Cox and colleagues give a single swig of trivalent vaccine...
...live-virus men were sure that they had the only means of wiping out both polio and the viruses that cause it. Dr. Salk was sure that killed vaccines have a great future, against many viral diseases besides polio, and can be raised to one-shot effectiveness. After listening to all the arguments, Dr. Cox grumbled with some justification: "The only things you can be sure of are death, taxes and criticism." Said Dr. Bodian: "Maybe we have too many vaccines against polio...