Word: viruses
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Dates: during 1930-1939
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...Milwaukee also was Manhattan's Dr. Maurice Brodie, who stated that none of the 8,000 children given his vaccine [virus killed with formalin] last summer had contracted infantile paralysis. He also stated that 8,000 trials were too few to prove the value of his vaccine...
...Milwaukee, before the American Public Health Association, Professor John Albert Kolmer of Philadelphia declared: "Up to the present time between 10,000 and 12,000 children have been immunized with my vaccine [virus weakened with a castor oil derivative]. No case receiving the full three doses has developed poliomyelitis. However, eight patients who had only one or two doses did contract the disease, indicating what I have long believed, that one or two vaccinations are insufficient...
...specialists in epidemic diseases uprose to throw strong doubt upon both the Kolmer and the Brodie concoctions. Dr. Thomas Milton Rivers of the Rockefeller Institute and Dr. James Payton Leake of the U. S. Public Health Service were especially perturbed by Dr. Kolmers preparation. They suspected that the weakened virus was still strong enough to cause infantile paralysis, and that Dr. Kolmer's explanation was not valid. Decided Dr. Rivers: "Time and circumstances make it imperative that Dr. Kolmer show his vaccine is absolutely safe...
Last week, also, Dr. Toomey impatiently objected to the current belief advanced by Dr. Simon Flexner, that infantile paralysis is contracted through the nose, whence the virus passes up the nerve of smell to the brain and spinal cord. In Science last week Dr. Toomey flatly declared: "In the human being the causative agent usually enters the digestive system," whence it passes to the spine by way of sympathetic nerves. According to Dr. Toomey true infantile paralysis is caused by a virus which attacks nerves after a toxin created by the virus makes those nerves vulnerable. The paralysis which...
...incidence of that disease will be low this summer. However, health officers and bacteriologists are keeping close, special watch for outbreaks in New York City and Philadelphia. Those communities are significant because in Philadelphia Dr. John Albert Kolmer and in Manhattan Dr. Maurice Brodie have perfected serums against the virus which causes infantile paralysis (TIME, Nov. 26 et ante). They accomplished their work too late last year to try out their serums against any significant epidemic, are ready for eventualities this summer...