Word: viruses
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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Russian-born Dr. Albert Sabin, 48, director of Cincinnati's Children's Hospital Research Foundation. His alternative: instead of killing a virulent virus, use a living virus that is nonvirulent to begin with...
...explanation is that jabbing a hypodermic into the muscle means cutting or tearing a number of nerves which then offer the virus particles a direct pathway to the brain or spine. This seems plausible because inoculations against other diseases, e.g., diphtheria, may trigger a polio infection even when no polio virus is introduced and the only common factor is the use of the needle...
While virologists were still trying to decide whether Dr. Salk's "killed" virus vaccine was safe, or how it could be made safer (see above), other experts argued that the killed-virus idea should be abandoned altogether. Leader of this school...
Short or Long. To buttress his arguments-that a live virus is better and confers longer immunity-Researcher Sabin went to the Eskimos. In one of their isolated communities immunity against polio was shown to have endured for 40 years after the last previous encounter with the virus. Use of the short-term killed vaccine, argues Sabin, might leave U.S. parents with the necessity of having their children reinoculated every year...
...live vaccine safe? Dr. Salk, for one, does not think so. Although the live-virus method has been used successfully in the long-established smallpox and yellow fever vaccines, he believes that the polio virus is too tough and tricky to permit development in safe, nonvimlent form. Dr. Sabin disagrees, thinks it can be done. Growing virus strains of all three types under hothouse conditions, he found some that, when injected into the spinal cords of chimpanzees, produced no paralysis. All they did was to stimulate the animals to produce antibodies against any future invading polio virus. And these antibodies...