Word: viruses
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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...Enders noted, "We were nevertheless much surprised to find that the virus 'multiplied and was released into the fluid medium in considerable amounts, and indications were obtained that the virus injured and killed the tissue issues...
Next, they needed an indisputable method of demonstrating what they had discovered that the polio virus actually grew in a test-tube...
Proviously, all attempts at growing the virus has centered around the impractical use of infected monkey brain as culture material. But, as there seemed to be strong evidence that polio grew in the body as well as the brain, the two men decided to try to grow the virus on ordinary human skin cells. This reasoning seemed to be a logical step, especially since the chicken-pox had been grown with human tissue...
...sure way of telling if the virus would grow," Enders pointed out later, "because we found that when it did multiply it killed the living cells of the skin. It is very easy to tell under a microscope whether or not cells are dead...
...tissue culture. The simple idea was to place please of tissue in a test-tube with a special nutrient that would make the cells thrive. After observers had clearly established that the tissue cells were thriving on the nutrient tube, Robbins then injected a small amount of polio virus into the tube. To kill the tissue cells, the viruses would have to multiply in their experiments. Invariably, within one to five days the once-thriving tissue destroyed...