Word: viruses
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Dates: during 1980-1989
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...kind of Yalta-type partitioning that Soviet and American statesmen engineered in Europe in 1945. Such a partitioning would secure the oil of Khuzestan for our European and Japanese allies and, by restoring Azerbaijan to Soviet hegemony, would give them a buffer insulating the people of Turkistan from the virus of Muslim self-determination...
...program has worked: the virus apparently has not spread to the great chicken factories of the Southeast and of the Delmarva Peninsula, which ships birds overnight by truck to New York City and other Eastern markets. But poultrymen are not resting easy. Says Frank Perdue, chairman of Perdue Farms Inc.: "All you can do is what you can." One step: voluntary quarantines for farmers whose families have visited pet shops...
What proved most significant about Berg's experiment, and helped win the prize, were the steps that immediately preceded it. The virus he wanted to introduce into the bacterium was itself a hybrid. By ingenious use of enzymes that can cut, patch and join nucleic acids, he and his colleagues managed to splice DNA from a bacterial virus into SV40's genes, forming a single closed loop. That was the first time scientists had been able to link the genes of two distinctly different species, and thus created the prospect of producing entirely new life forms...
Hepatitis B can be among the most unpleasant of illnesses. In its more severe form, the viral liver infection produces a loss of appetite, vomiting, fatigue and jaundice. In some cases, the infection leads to cirrhosis or perhaps even cancer of the liver. The villain virus appears in the blood, saliva, semen or breast milk of about 200 million human "carriers" who may show no signs of the disease but can transmit the virus to others...
...development of the vaccine began in 1963, when Dr. Baruch Blumberg of the Fox Chase Cancer Center in Philadelphia identified a protein from the hepatitis B virus in the blood of an Australian aborigine. Researchers soon found that the protein, dubbed Australia antigen, existed in large quantities in the blood of carriers. Dr. Saul Krugman of New York University then discovered that when infected blood serum is boiled, the virus is killed but the antigen remains able to induce production of the antibodies that prevent the illness. The experimental vaccine was developed by Virologist Maurice Hilleman of the Merck Institute...