Word: volta
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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...unacceptable risk, relatively well-off countries such as Mexico, with its new-found oil riches, and Brazil will continue to find a welcome. Middle-income states such as South Korea, the Philippines and Taiwan will also find lending officers receptive. But the traditional weaklings, such as Dahomey, Upper Volta, Turkey, Zaire, Egypt and others, will face a real struggle trying to get additional loans. Says one White House economist: "For the weaker LDCS the choice will be either lowering their living standard or cutting their development programs. Neither choice is any good...
Among the shabby, working-class shacks of Volta Redonda, a Brazilian steel town of 150,000 in the state of Rio de Janeiro, small groups of neighbors gathered on five different nights last week for a few hours of discussion. Steelworkers, retired welders, grandfathers, young housewives with children on their laps, sipped coffee on borrowed chairs and swapped views on local and national problems: the endless waiting lines at the state hospital, the expulsion of rural squatters by land speculators, nonexistent sanitation and paving in their city. "Mud is the symbol of our lives," Joao, a retired steelworker, said angrily...
...institutionalized violence" of various Latin American governments. Since then, many supporters of the comunidades have enthusiastically adopted the language and goals of the "theology of liberation," a peculiar blend of Marxian economic analysis and Gospel imperatives, best articulated by Peruvian Priest Gustavo Gutierrez in the early 1970s. Observes Volta Redonda Bishop Waldyr Calheiros de Novais: "The comunidades are the theology of liberation put into practice...
Even so, many priests and bishops in Brazil balked when a lay comunidad member in 1976 announced that "the days when the priest was the main one" were over. Others in Latin American Christendom are likely to be troubled by a declaration at weekly Mass by Volta Redonda's French priest Jacques Duquesne that "faith should not be seen as the burden of the Cross, but rather as faith in a better world." Such apparent doctrinal distortions may have been what prompted Pope John Paul II during his Mexican trip to urge the Latin American clergy to be "priests...
Ultimately, the future of the comunidades could well depend less on their theology than on whether they can avoid the appearance of being merely adjuncts of Marxist revolution in the hemisphere. For the present, the region's poor have the last word. Says Volta Redonda Housewife Sebastiana of the comunidades: "They are schools where we learn to be somebody...