Word: warded
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Dates: during 1960-1969
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...ANGELES, CALIF. Ebony Showcase. An all-black cast performs Herb Gardner's A Thousand Clowns, about the friendship of a nonconformist lover of life and his polysyllabic twelve-year-old ward...
Though the exploration of autonomic control is still in its infancy, the vistas it opens are staggering. Dr. Joe Kamiya of the Langley Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute in San Francisco, who has experimented with conscious regulation of brain waves, looks for ward to the day when man will have "an internal vocabulary, a language he can use to explain more effectively and completely how he feels inside. In time, we should be able to talk fluently about feelings such as brain-wave production, blood pressure...
Jane's rescue from the subhuman existence of a mental-hospital ward is one of several hundred dramatic improvements that have been achieved by a relatively new-and hotly debated -technique known as reinforcement therapy. Unlike psychiatric techniques which seek to deal with deep-seated causes of a patient's psychosis, reinforcement therapy concentrates on controlling and guiding everyday behavior. Its basic principle is that the residual signs of normality in an insane person should be encouraged by praise and applause-in effect, reinforced and taught with the help of tangible rewards...
Neatly Dressed. An even more challenging experiment in reinforcement therapy was begun eight years ago by Psychologists Teodoro Ayllon and Nathan Azrin at Anna State Hospital. In a ward of 46 chronic female schizophrenics and mental defectives, they exposed patients to the pleasures of cigarettes, television, a choice of roommates, social events and even walks around the hospital grounds. Then they announced that, henceforth, patients would have to "buy" everything except regular meals, a bed in the least desirable room and their prescribed medicines. They could earn metal "tokens" to make purchases simply by demonstrating normal behavior. Attendants then began...
Most of the original Anna State patients increased their ability to work usefully within the ward; 21 of them have been discharged and are in "halfway houses," being cared for by their families or living on their own. For them, no tokens are required. Says Azrin: "The natural satisfactions of this world take over. The jobs the patients do and the friends they make keep it going...