Word: warsaw
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Dates: during 2000-2009
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...reminded more than once of the futility of resistance to Soviet domination. In 1953 a revolt by East German workers was suppressed with the help of Soviet troops. In 1956 came the Hungarian uprising, sparking a Soviet invasion that left thousands dead. Czechoslovakia's Prague Spring was crushed by Warsaw Pact tanks in 1968. That was followed by Moscow's enunciation of the Brezhnev Doctrine, justifying the use of Soviet force in maintaining Communist regimes in the region. In 1981, soon after Soviet divisions held maneuvers along Poland's borders, General Wojciech Jaruzelski declared martial law to quell the independent...
Like the West, the East has sprouted its own supranational institutions--all under Soviet control. The Warsaw Pact, signed in 1955, formalized Soviet direction of Eastern Europe's armed forces. The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, or Comecon, was set up to coordinate and integrate East bloc economies; the system has been as ungainly as its foundation stone, Soviet-style central planning...
...Soviet Union range from distrust to outright loathing, an attitude that stands in sharp contrast to a hunger among East Europeans for most things Western. Through much of the East bloc, youngsters wear blue jeans and dance to Western rock; purple-haired punks are seen in the streets of Warsaw and Budapest. More important, East European governments have turned to the West for the credits and technology that Moscow cannot provide, giving East Europeans a vested interest in the revival of détente...
...with the ruling Politburo's aging members. But Communist Party Leader Mikhail Gorbachev has been making his power felt, and last week, according to some reports in Moscow, he rehabilitated Ogarkov. The general, it was said, had been appointed First Deputy Defense Minister and commander in chief of the Warsaw Pact forces. That would make Ogarkov the No. 3 man in the Soviet military...
There was other compelling evidence last week that Gorbachev is carrying out a high-level shuffle of the Soviet military. The current Warsaw Pact commander, Marshal Viktor Kulikov, 64, it was rumored, had been given a lesser post. Marshal Vladimir Tolubko, 70, who was in charge of the country's strategic rocket forces, has retired. So has Marshal Alexei Yepishev, 77, chief of the powerful main political directorate of the army and navy; his replacement is General Alexei Lizichev, 57, currently political commissar of Soviet forces in East Germany. Western diplomats believe these changes bear the marks of Gorbachev...