Word: wayes
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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...recent traumatic experiences in Iran and Nicaragua have plunged the Carter Administration into an overdue reappraisal of the way the U.S. deals with dictators. The President has put the intelligence community, the State Department and the National Security Council on notice that never again must the decline and fall of a friendly government catch the U.S. so much by surprise. That means identifying and assessing the opposition to the existing powers sooner and more accurately, without the ideological typecasting ("Reds," Communists," "terrorists," even "radicals") that has tended to weaken and distort analysis in the past...
First, the U.S. should be especially wary of embracing dictatorships that have sprung up in countries with democratic traditions, like Chile and Greece. The Pinochet junta is an aberration in modern Chilean history and may well go the way of the Greek Colonels. The same could be true of Ferdinand Marcos, although democracy in the Philippines has always been fragile and turbulent. Conversely, the U.S. has little choice but to tolerate military rule where it is the norm. For example, South Korea's Park Chung Hee suppresses dissent by an "emergency decree" superficially similar to Marcos' martial...
...decade ago, Arthur Jensen discovered that fact the hard way. Jensen, then a little-known professor of educational psychology at the University of California at Berkeley, created a furor and became a target of abuse by publishing an article in the Harvard Educational Review. Its claim: based on IQ tests, whites may be naturally smarter than blacks. Now, battered but unbowed, Jensen, 56, is returning to the fray. In a book to be published in December, he concludes that the IQ tests showing blacks scoring lower than whites are fair, accurate and not-as critics suppose-skewed by culture...
...same shape as the curve showing white achievement-except that it is displaced lower on the scale. And the ranking of test items in order of difficulty for blacks, he says, is exactly the same as the ranking for whites. "This means the items are working the same way, measuring the same things," says Jensen. It also strongly suggests, he thinks, that blacks and whites comprehend the world in much the same way, despite arguments that "black culture" is so different from "white culture" that separate tests should be constructed...
Cross-cultural testing can show widely different patterns in answering IQ questions, but no such differences show up between black and white children in the U.S., according to Jensen. Says he: "There is no way to discriminate or distinguish between the average ten-year-old black and the average 8½-year-old white. The tests look the same, but the black child has a lower mental age. It looks more like a developmental lag than a cultural difference...