Word: westphalia
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Dates: during 1910-1919
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There has never been a treaty more radical in its remodelling of international society. The Peace of Westphalia gave the coup de grace to the idea of a united Europe in the Holy Roman Empire and inaugurated an age of sovereign territorial states. The Peace of Utrecht inaugurated an age of commercial and colonial rivalry by express recognition of the principle of the balance of power. The Treaty of Vienna sought to establish a concert of Europe, but with recognition of dynastic interests, it ignored the rising tide of nationalism and democracy. It remained for the present treaty to recognize...
With its 80,000 words, presented in less than six months from the armistice the peace treaty is the longest and will probably be concluded in the shortest time of any comparable treaty in modern times. Treaties with which comparison is suggested are those of Westphalia, signed in 1648 after seven years deliberation, those of Utrecht signed in 1713, eighteen months after the preliminaries, and that of Vienna signed June 9, 1815, fourteen months after the first capitulation of Napoleon but while the opposing forces were gathering for the final struggle at Waterloo...
...above, the present treaty is the first to include, extra-European powers. It is also the first general treaty in which English is an official language, a position it shares with French, which was the sole official version of the treaty of Vienna, while the treaties of Westphalia and Utrecht were in Latin...
...features was epoch-making, it remained hidden among Haydn's early scores for nearly a century. The work, possibly because of its exceptional character, did not appear in Breitkopf's first catalogue of symphonies, and did not come to light until 1782, when it appeared in the catalogue of Westphalia in Hamburg, and later, of Johann Traeg. It is the oldest of Haydn's autographed scores in existence...
...Maria in the capitol at Cologne, finely carved choir stalls from Xanten and Oberwesel. In fact the whole Rhineland from the Moselle to the Dutch frontier will be represented by typical works of art. At the same time the Society of Arts and Crafts of Rhineland and Westphalia has decided to make a similar gift covering the industrial arts of these two provinces. The whole collection, which is now being prepared under the direction of Professor Clemen, will contain some 20 larger and 30 to 40 smaller objects, and will be both in size and in intrinsic value fully equal...