Word: withhold
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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Just as the U.S. has given up gunboat diplomacy in international politics, it is also setting aside the old big-stick approach in international economics. Until recently, when a foreign government nationalized U.S. companies, Washington retaliated by pressuring the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and other agencies to withhold credits from the offending nation. This approach, known as the Connally Doctrine, after former Treasury Secretary John Connally, is being replaced by the ameliorative tactics of Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, who preaches negotiation instead of confrontation...
...White House issued a statement yesterday saying it would withhold immediate comment, as "any premature comment would only contribute further to existing public confusion surrounding the tapes...
...judge, stubbornly and doggedly pursuing the truth in his courtroom regardless of its political implications, forced Watergate into the light of investigative day. One judge, insisting that not all the panoply of the presidency entitled Nixon to withhold material evidence from the Watergate prosecutors, brought the White House tapes and documents out of hiding. For these deeds, and as a symbol of the American judiciary's insistence on the priority of law throughout the sordid Watergate saga of 1973, TIME'S Man of the Year is Federal Judge John Joseph Sirica...
Sirica used his same rugged courtroom common sense to cope with the challenge of a historic constitutional clash between branches of Government. Even a President must respond to subpoenas for evidence in criminal cases, Sirica ruled. Judges, not the President, must ultimately decide whether claims of Executive privilege to withhold such evidence are valid. Presidents, in short, are not above the law. The Circuit Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia upheld him; and in the end, Nixon gave up, partly because he feared that the Supreme Court would also see it Sirica...
...perceive any reason for suspending the power of courts to get evidence and rule on questions of privilege in criminal matters simply because it is the President of the United States who holds the evidence." Asked Sirica rhetorically: "What distinctive quality of the presidency permits its incumbent to withhold evidence? To argue that the need for presidential privacy justifies it is not persuasive." As for impeachment, that could be "the final remedy" in "the most excessive cases," but "the courts have always enjoyed the good faith of the Executive Branch." Sirica, in short, would not expect Nixon to ignore...