Word: wittenberg
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...generally acted the way Communist Boss Walter Ulbricht looks: tough and unbending. It is even using Martin Luther to exacerbate relations with West Germany. It has limited to a meager 100 the number of West German clergymen who may come to this month's ceremonies at Wittenberg commemorating the 450th anniversary of the posting of the 95 Theses. Those who do get in must affirm that they oppose Bonn's "revanchist policies." East Germany is also trying to transform Luther into a precursor of Communism: a new, authorized biography states that he started "class warfare" in Germany...
From Faith to Faith. Luther found that missing love in the study of Scripture. Assigned to the chair of Biblical studies at Wittenberg University, he became fascinated and puzzled by the emphasis on righteousness in the Psalms and in Paul's epistles-notably Romans 1: 17: "For therein is the righteousness of God revealed from faith to faith: as it is written, The just shall live by faith." As Luther later explained: "Night and day I pondered, until I saw the connection between the justice of God and the statement that 'the just shall live by faith...
Revolt Against Rome. Excommunicated, Luther was saved from arrest and death by Elector Frederick the Wise of Saxony, whose domains included Wittenberg, and given sanctuary at the lonely Wartburg Castle. Luther stayed for nearly a year, during which he translated the New Testament into German. Meanwhile, the revolt against Rome spread; in town after town, priests and town councils removed statues from the churches and abandoned the Mass. New reformers, many of them far more radical than Luther, appeared on the scene-Ulrich Zwingli in Zurich, the ex-Dominican Martin Bucer in Strasbourg, Thomas Munzer in Zwickau. More important, princes...
...Luther returned to Wittenberg to put into effect a spiritual reform that became the model for much of Germany. The episcopate was abolished, since Luther had found no Scriptural warrant for the office of bishop. Clerical celibacy was abandoned, even for monks and nuns-and in 1525, Luther married a former nun, Katherine von Bora. The sacraments were reduced from seven to two: baptism and the Lord's Supper. Luther revised the Latin liturgy and translated it into German, allowing the laity to receive the consecrated wine as well as the Host, substituting a new popular hymnody for Gregorian...
Civilization Transformed. By 1530, when a summit conference of Reforma tion leaders convened in Augsburg to draw up a common statement of faith (the Augsburg Confession) leadership of the movement had begun to pass out of Luther's hands. He continued to preach and teach the Bible in Wittenberg, but even sympathetic biographers have found it hard to justify some of the actions of his declining years. He endorsed the bigamous marriage of his supporter, Prince Philip of Hesse. He denounced reformers who disagreed with him in terms that he had once re served for the papacy. His statements...