Word: wolfs
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Dates: during 1940-1949
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When his U-boats sailed out to war, Doenitz was a Vice Admiral commanding the most effective underwater force in any navy. And he knew how to apply the force. He introduced wolf-pack tactics (Rudeltaktik) for attacking convoys. He varied this technique with individual sorties, sometimes into enemy ports or rivers...
Instead of one attacking U-boat cruising more or less haphazardly, he used a number of them working as a unit. The wolf pack was expanded; by last year he had the U-boats working in "echelons of divisions," patrolling in three lines or more abreast, the center line ahead of the two flanks, the U-boats strung out in a herringbone pattern astern of the leader. In perfect coordination, this array of underwater raiders lay in wait for convoys previously spotted by scouts or long-range air reconnaissance. By night, submerged, they moved under the convoy. When they came...
...important eastbound convoys were the prey of submarine wolf packs, ranging the Atlantic between the U.S. and Eng land. In midocean, beyond the zone of air protection from Britain, the convoys suffered (losses: unannounced). When the battle moved within range of the four-motored Liberators and Sunderlands of Britain's Coastal Command, the Nazi wolves paid: five were probably sunk, many others were damaged...
...Wolf-Wolfery. For two years the civilian supply issue has been a bedlam compounded of 1) cries of "Wolf!" from civilians and businessmen at every threatened cut; 2) cries of "Shame!" from other civilians and Government men bent on greater war production. The you-can't-do-that-to-me school kept the U.S. wasting precious materials much too long, delayed realistic decisions on how lean the U.S. economy could become. But the you-must-suffer school did equal damage by ignoring the obvious fact that a bedrock economy for the U.S. must be based upon the U.S. standard...
Unfortunately the shame-criers won the fight just when the wolf-criers finally be gan to be right. Most notable example of cutting below bedrock: farm equipment, where a WPB order cutting production to 20% of 1940 coincided with a draft and wage policy that drained workers off the farm and a farm-production policy that called for astronomical quantities of food. This manifest absurdity received only piecemeal attention until the U.S. food situation had assumed near-crisis proportions...