Word: wyszynski
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Dates: during 1950-1959
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...political leverage. When the throne was vacant, the primate was "interrex"(interim King), and when in 1772 Poland suffered the first of many partitions at the hands of Russia, Austria and Prussia, the Poles looked to the primate as their temporal and spiritual head. As Primate of Poland, Wyszynski speaks with a prestige and importance fashioned by Poland's past...
...From the Underground. Wyszynski's influence also depends upon his personal history. In a country whose clergy were ofter accused of being allied with the aristocracy, Wyszynski always identified himself with the working man. He was born poor, son of a church organist and schoolteacher in the village of Zuzela near Bialystok. He earned a doctorate in Canon Law and Social Sciences at the University of Lublin, and became known as a "labor priest." He wrote several books on such subjects as unemployment and the rights of labor, was even beginning to act as counsel in labor disputes when...
Young Father Wyszynski joined the resistance, was assigned by his bishop to underground work in Warsaw and youth work in Lublin. In 1946 he became bishop of Lublin. The Nazis had imprisoned some 40% of Poland's priests and half of the prisoners had died or had been killed, but the church quickly recovered strength. By 1948, the Communists decided to move in and take over. They were just beginning to bring pressure on the nation's youth when Bishop Wyszynski was appointed archbishop of Gniezno and Warsaw, and hence Primate of Poland to succeed the late Cardinal...
Modus Moriendi? The heat went on early in 1950. The Communists took over the Catholic charitable organization Caritas. charging that it was a spy center. Bishop Wyszynski and the aged Adam Cardinal Sapieha, archbishop of Cracow, wrote to Communist President Boleslaw Bierut complaining of "abnormal moral pressure . . . organized hunts after priests." who were sometimes arrested and dragged off in their vestments. The Communists replied by confiscating all lands held by religious orders. The following month, while Cardinal Sapieha was in Rome, Primate Wyszynski shocked the Vatican by negotiating an agreement with the Red regime...
...support the government in such crucial national matters as the possession of the western territories taken from Germany after World War II, socialization of Poland and expansion of industry, while the state guaranteed continued freedom of worship, religious education and the church press. Cardinal Sapieha, behind whose back Wyszynski had negotiated the armistice, muttered: "This is not a modus vivendi but a modus moriendi." And a way of dying it certainly appeared...