Word: x-rayed
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...basic tool used by both groups was X-ray diffraction, which produces enigmatic pictures than can be interpreted to show the structure of invisible molecules. Wilkins made the pictures of DNA himself; Watson and Crick interpreted X-ray pictures made by others, some by Wilkins. Both groups came to similar conclusions: that the DNA molecule is a spiral (as Pauling said), but that it is a double spiral, like a winding staircase with steps made of submolecules (nucleotides) arranged in pairs...
Watson will share the $49,656 prize with Francis H. C. Crick, his co-worker in 1953, and with Maurice H. F. Wllkins, whose X-ray studies of DNA made possible the famous Watson-Crick model of the molecule...
...Watson and Crick began their research in England, DNA (Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid) had already been identified as the genetic substance of cells. Information on its chemical composition suggested that it was a very long, thin molecule made up of sugar groups (deoxyribose), phosphate groups, and nitrogen-containing "bases." Further, X-ray diffraction patterns of fibrous DNA indicated that the form of the molecule was a double helix...
...their radioactivity scientists are able to identify them down to the tiny traces of rare elements. At Oxford and the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, physicists have bombarded archaeological specimens with electrons, causing the specimens to give off X rays. By running a spectrum analysis on the X rays, the physicists are able to determine just what the specimens are made of. X-ray analysis has already allowed the Oxford researchers to uncover some archaeological frauds, including some 18th century copies of ancient Chinese porcelains...
...Responsibility. But switching doctors, falsifying medical histories and feigning concern cannot change a child's X rays. Says the Kempe report: "To the informed physician, the bones tell a story the child is too young or too frightened to tell." Since child beating is almost always repeated, X-ray signs of fractures in different stages of healing are almost always a strong indication of parent-inflicted injuries. "The radiologic features are so distinct." say the Colorado doctors, "that other diseases generally are considered only because of the reluctance to accept the implications of the bony lesions [bone injuries...