Word: x-rays
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...half the total of natural radiation) adds up to 55 mR* annually for every American, said Dr. Morgan, and 90% of this comes from diagnostic X rays. At Oak Ridge, where nuclear physicists are so conscious of radiation hazards that they have done everything conceivable to reduce them, the skin exposure from a chest X ray is 10 mR. This low and relatively safe dose can be matched in any well-equipped, properly run X-ray department and it is achieved by qualified personnel in many of the better hospitals. But, said Dr. Morgan, the equipment and methods vary...
Several Lacks. Whatever the current cost in lives and health, X-ray diagnosis is enormously beneficial, Dr. Morgan declared, and undoubtedly saves many tens of thousands of lives annually. The trouble, he emphasized, is not in the available equipment: everything that is needed to reduce the national total of dental X-ray doses to 1% of the current level, and to reduce all diagnostic exposures to 10%, is already perfected and on the market. The fault, said Dr. Morgan, lies in poor techniques, the use of improper (usually old) equipment, the lack of concern by doctors, dentists and technicians...
...even by temporary employees such as typists who operate the machines part time. In many of the states, no training or experience is required of the doctor before he uses his X-ray equipment on the patient. The person who exposes our children to X rays must have his automobile inspected periodically and must have a driver's license before he can operate it. Yet the X-ray machine he operates may be obsolete and may fail to meet minimum standards, and he may have little or no training or knowledge in how best to operate...
...nine nonusers. Six of the acidheads showed a marked increase in chromosomal breaks. Two who had tak en massive doses showed a small, deformed chromosome, characteristic of a type of chronic leukemia that attacks adults. The only nonuser of LSD whose cells showed many abnormalities had previously had heavy X-ray treatments...
...reduce X-ray emissions of high voltage tubes to safe levels, manufacturers equip the tubes with metallic shields that absorb most of the radiation. But because of a manufacturing error, the shields inside many of the 24,500-volt G.E. tubes were misaligned. As a result, part of the X rays emitted by the anode could leak through the bottom of the tube. The radiation from the tube, according to the Public Health Service, ranged from ten to 100,000 times more than the rate considered safe...