Word: xiii
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Dates: during 1940-1949
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...Lisbon Pretender Don Juan, son of Alfonso XIII, still awaited a summons to Madrid. He was in touch with the Caudillo's brother Nicolás, Spain's ambassador to Portugal. But the Caudillo had blown hot & cold on Don Juan. Falangists gibed at his British naval training, called him "the little British sailor in the service of Communism...
Vatican and other European clerics had also frowned deeply at the U.S. principle of separation of Church and State, which had been condemned by Leo XIII. But U.S. Catholics, uneasily aware that they were a minority, were early convinced that such a separation was their own strongest safeguard. Though Leo's views are still repeated by a few academic theologians, they are largely ignored by the U.S. hierarchy...
...American Heresy. U.S. Catholics were deeply hurt when Leo XIII, in an Apostolic Letter to Baltimore's Cardinal Gibbons in 1899, at last felt it necessary to condemn heretical "Americanism." Gist of the alleged errors: "Spiritual direction . . . was less necessary since in an era of liberty, the Holy Ghost would guide the individual soul. . . ." U.S. bishops loudly denied that such heresy had ever tainted U.S. Catholicism...
...XIII, however, was not unwilling to learn about Americanism. He took back his ban on Catholic participation in the first strong U.S. trade-union movement, the Knights of Labor, after Cardinal Gibbons pointed out that: 1) U.S. unions were not infected with anticlericalism; and 2) the papal ban would only drive Catholic workers out of the Church...
...XIII's encyclical, Rerum Novarum, 1891, is often cited now by U.S. labor leaders as part of labor's charter of rights. -Each cardinal is nominal pastor of one of Rome's 70 oldest churches, a tradition dating back to the early Church, in which the cardinals were simply the parish priests of Rome...