Word: youthe
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...Apaches - wore silk foulards and, writes Savage, "an air of bourgeois hauteur." In England's inner cities, where there were regular pitched battles between gangs - Birmingham's Peaky Blinders, Liverpool's High Rip or the Monkey's Parade from London's East End - the look was edgier. A youth worker in the 1890s noted that a proper Manchester "scuttler" could be identified by a loose white scarf, plastered-down hair, bell-bottom trousers and a girlfriend who "commonly wore clogs and a shawl and a skirt with vertical stripes...
Poverty and lack of education were recognized early on as the root problem of these disaffected youths. Nobody understood this better than G. Stanley Hall, an American psychology pioneer who is the book's unlikely hero. In 1898, Hall defined a new stage of life called "adolescence," characterized by parental conflict, moodiness and risk taking. Contrary to the disciplinarian ethos of the day, Hall recommended that adolescents be given "room to be lazy." His prediction that "we shall one day attract the youth of the world by our unequaled liberty and opportunity," not only prophesied a culture that would revere...
...right. In Europe, any such optimism was overwhelmed by a half-century of war and talk of war. The view of a German lieutenant colonel, Baron Colmar von der Goltz, in 1883 that "the strength of a nation lies in its youth," was pretty much shared by all the muscle-flexing European powers of that era (though few were crass enough to argue, as he did, that armies needed the young because "it is only the young that depart from life without pangs.") World War I ultimately spent the lives of as many as 3 million of Europe's adolescents...
...1920s, that generational dissent was mostly expressed either in the arts (Jean Cocteau, Fritz Lang, Aldous Huxley) or in outright decadence (at the haunts of London's good-time toffs, say, or at just about any club in Berlin). But caught up in a renewed spiral to war, youths, many of them jobless, were soon being courted by political groups on the left and right. Nowhere more so than in Germany, where the Wandervogel, a popular, free-spirited, back-to-nature youth movement whose nonpolitical ideals had survived World War I, found itself hijacked in the '30s by the Hitler...
...contrast, Brown, who, barring any last-minute surprise, will succeed Blair this summer, represents continuity: as Chancellor of the Exchequer, he has steered British government economic policy for the past decade. Brown is unlike Sarkozy in that his ambition has been evident since his youth. The son of a Scottish Presbyterian minister, Brown so excelled at school that he was accepted into the University of Edinburgh at age 16, then worked his way up through the ranks of Britain's Labour Party at a time when it was still saddled with socialist dogma...