Word: zambia
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Among these changed circumstances behind the Patriotic Front's dramatic shift has been the pressure exerted by the so-called front-line states (Tanzania, Botswana, Angola, Mozambique, Zambia), on which the guerrillas depend for most of their support. Faced with serious economic difficulties at home, the front-line leaders have been anxious for an end to the long and costly war and have not been shy about arm twisting. Warned Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere in London's New Statesman: "If any wing of the Patriotic Front should develop doubts or hesitations about fighting such an open election...
...After seven years of bloody fighting and more than 18,000 deaths, neither side has gained a decisive edge. Salisbury's 12,000-man army and air force, backed by 40,000 reservists, have killed thousands of guerrillas in attacks on base camps in Mozambique and Zambia, but without crippling the Patriotic Front; Nkomo and his partner Robert Mugabe now have an estimated 12,000 fighters operating inside Zimbabwe Rhodesia, almost double the number of a year ago. Tiring of the stalemate, the guerrillas' backers in the "frontline states" (Tanzania, Zambia, Angola, Mozambique and Botswana) have prodded Nkomo...
...took extreme positions from which they claimed there could be no compromise. Muzorewa, just elected as part of an internal settlement between moderates and the white Smith government last April, was apparently unwilling to re-run the election; Nkomo and Mugabe, pressing forward on the battlefiels from bases in Zambia and Mozambique, were seemingly unwilling to exchange a certain cease-fire for uncertain political victory in domestic elections. Muzorewa justified his stand by claiming that the Front leaders were "terrorists" interested in seizing power. For their part, Nkomo and Mugabe called Muzorewa a "white puppet" blocking a switch to legitimate...
...Salisbury delegation by objecting to matters even Muzorewa had agreed to. He called the retention of constitutional safeguards for the 3 per cent white population of Zimbabwe "absolutely vital." It is just those safeguards, of course, which the front-line states of black Africa (Tanzania, Angola, Mozambique, Botswana and Zambia) find objectionable; even Britain, the United States and Muzorewa have conceded that safeguards must be weakened substantially. Many whites from Smith's old Rhodesia Front party also now agree that white safeguards need to be reduced. Smith's comments split the Zimbabwe delegation badly...
...attempted to reintroduce the kind of constitutional arrangements which brought independence to many other colonies, notably Sri Lanka and Kenya. While none of these arrangements provided for the kind of white-controlled government found in Rhodesia, some did include minimal safeguards for the white population. In both Tanzania and Zambia, about 1/7 of assembly seats were reserved for whites for a limited time. The task for Britain, and for the delegates to the London conference, is to come up with an equally fair and manageable arrangement for Zimbabwe. It is also needed to insure that Zimbabwe will wind up with...