Word: zoning
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Dates: during 1970-1979
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Theodore Roosevelt considered its acquisition "the most important action I took in foreign affairs." Laying claim to the 550-sq.-mi. Panama Canal Zone indeed entailed a classic shake of the Big Stick-and so it may again. At his press conference in Minneapolis last week, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger worried aloud that the quasi-U.S. colony, which straddles the strategic waterway that links the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, could become the focus of "a kind of nationalistic, guerrilla type of operation that we have not seen before in the Western Hemisphere." He was referring to the very...
...acquired sovereignty over the zone "in perpetuity" in 1903, as a reward for helping Panama to achieve its independence. Roosevelt had sent U.S. gunboats to protect a Panamanian national uprising-funded by private American and French interests-against the territory's Colombian rulers. In exchange for control of the Canal Zone, the U.S. paid a total of $10 million to the fledgling national government and agreed to pay $250,000 annually in rent. Building the canal cost the U.S. an additional $336,650,000. It is now an international commercial convenience rather than a U.S. military necessity; in fiscal...
...through Chief Negotiator Ellsworth Bunker, has offered, in essence, a gradual ceding of partial sovereignty and Panamanian participation in the canal's operation and defense, but it wants to retain unlimited access for both civil and military aircraft to some zone airports. Panama wants all U.S. military installations phased out and, equally unacceptable to the U.S., total control of the zone and the canal itself...
Torrijos has tried to restrain Panamanians, particularly the country's 24,000 volatile students, from launching assaults on the 39,200 "Zonians"-American servicemen, their families and employees of the Panama Canal Zone Co. "If it was not for this direct contact between Torrijos and the students, there could be a confrontation," says one young Panamanian activist. Torrijos' own reassuring refrain is that "we should not look at things negatively." He has tried to enlist the support of members of the Organization of American States and Third World countries of the United Nations behind his sovereignty campaign...
...eastern rim of the passes; thus both sides could argue that their conditions had been met. At issue was where on the slopes of the passes the Solomonic lines should be drawn between the Israeli brigades and the U.N. forces that would hold the passes as a demilitarized zone...